Sun · flares

A Sun that bursts

Flares are sudden releases of magnetic energy above active regions. The flashes in this view recall the classes of the strongest flares in the GOES catalogue (X, M); their positions are illustrative.

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04

X-class flares

558

1975 → 2026

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Illustrative rendering: procedural prominence loops and flashes; classes from the GOES catalogue below.

Catalogued flares

94,061

1975 → 2026-10-27

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

X-class flares

558

7954 M-class

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC · AR 14561

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04 18:29 UTC · S19W83

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

X- and M-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Number of flares per calendar year in the GOES catalogue (NOAA). The current year is provisional; 2020 is marked “instrument change”: since December 2019 the flux is no longer reduced by the 0.7 factor, which raises classes by about 40%.

C-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Detection of C-class flares depends on the background level, hence on the cycle phase and the instrument; these counts are less homogeneous than those of M and X classes.

Ten strongest flares (peak flux derived from the class)

#	Class	Start (UTC)	Peak	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1	X28	2003-11-04 18:29	18:50	3E-3	S19W83	10486
2	X20	1989-08-15 23:08	23:17	2E-3	S18W84	5629
3	X20	2001-04-02 19:32	19:51	2E-3	—	—
4	X17	2003-10-28 08:51	10:10	2E-3	—	10486
5	X17	2005-09-07 15:17	15:40	2E-3	S11E77	10808
6	X15	1989-03-06 12:54	13:10	2E-3	N35E69	5395
7	X14	2001-04-15 11:19	11:50	1E-3	S20W85	9415
8	X13	1984-04-24 21:56	22:01	1E-3	S12E43	4474
9	X13	1989-10-19 11:29	11:55	1E-3	S27E10	5747
10	X12	1982-06-06 14:30	14:54	1E-3	S09E25	3763

The peak flux (0.1–0.8 nm, W/m²) is derived from the published class, e.g. X28 = 28 × 10⁻⁴ W/m²; the GOES detectors saturated above X17 before 2003, so the 4 November 2003 flare is an estimate.

Filterable catalogue GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

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Start (UTC)	Peak	End	Duration	Class	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1984-02-11 21:49	21:56	22:13	24 min	M1.9	2E-5	S14W69	4408
1984-02-11 01:38	01:45	02:24	46 min	M2.9	3E-5	S12E18	4413
1984-02-10 09:23	09:36	09:46	23 min	M1.9	2E-5	—	—
1984-02-10 01:48	02:20	02:49	61 min	M4.8	5E-5	S14W47	4408
1984-02-08 14:54	15:05	15:21	27 min	M1	1E-5	N09E09	4411
1984-02-04 20:46	20:46	21:07	21 min	M1.4	1E-5	N14W85	4399
1984-02-04 16:58	17:08	17:27	29 min	M1.1	1E-5	N15W79	4399
1984-02-03 19:41	20:03	20:05	24 min	M1.1	1E-5	—	4406
1984-02-03 13:30	13:37	13:45	15 min	M1	1E-5	—	—
1984-02-03 03:04	03:10	03:20	16 min	M1.6	2E-5	—	4398
1984-02-01 18:14	20:22	22:59	285 min	M1	1E-5	—	4403
1984-01-31 11:56	12:00	12:37	41 min	M1.2	1E-5	N15W59	4397
1984-01-31 06:10	06:33	06:48	38 min	M1.7	2E-5	—	—
1984-01-30 03:30	03:38	04:12	42 min	M2.9	3E-5	N09W12	4399
1984-01-27 05:55	05:59	06:52	57 min	M1.1	1E-5	N16E10	4398
1984-01-26 15:22	15:29	15:46	24 min	M2.1	2E-5	S06W70	4396
1984-01-25 23:38	23:46	00:26	48 min	M3.6	4E-5	N16E26	4398
1984-01-20 12:32	13:01	15:04	152 min	M1	1E-5	S17W63	4393
1983-12-06 23:53	23:58	00:09	16 min	M2.2	2E-5	—	4372
1983-12-06 14:30	14:43	15:45	75 min	M1.1	1E-5	S12E59	4372
1983-12-06 06:26	06:35	06:48	22 min	M1	1E-5	—	4372
1983-11-08 16:18	16:35	19:33	195 min	M1.3	1E-5	S14E01	4343
1983-11-01 10:00	10:33	11:17	77 min	M3.1	3E-5	—	—
1983-10-19 18:57	19:16	19:48	51 min	M4.8	5E-5	—	4335
1983-10-19 16:54	16:55	16:59	5 min	M1.4	1E-5	N18W88	4335
1983-10-16 19:04	19:10	19:30	26 min	M2.9	3E-5	—	4335
1983-10-14 07:52	08:09	08:38	46 min	M1.3	1E-5	N21W20	4335
1983-10-05 13:58	14:06	16:16	138 min	M2	2E-5	N07E41	4328
1983-10-02 05:12	05:42	07:48	156 min	M1.1	1E-5	S18W53	4324
1983-09-10 14:11	14:27	16:19	128 min	M1	1E-5	S11W30	4307
1983-09-02 20:55	20:57	21:13	18 min	M2	2E-5	S08W83	4302
1983-08-23 21:22	21:24	21:28	6 min	M1.9	2E-5	N19W71	4284
1983-08-21 15:53	16:01	17:01	68 min	M2.3	2E-5	N14E34	4288
1983-08-17 17:04	17:05	17:44	40 min	M1.4	1E-5	S09W54	4279
1983-08-17 00:32	00:32	01:34	62 min	M1.3	1E-5	S09W48	4279
1983-08-15 07:07	07:39	08:03	56 min	M1.3	1E-5	—	—
1983-08-14 14:29	14:58	15:15	46 min	M1.2	1E-5	—	4279
1983-08-13 16:00	16:13	17:20	80 min	M5.5	6E-5	S08W00	4278
1983-08-13 02:22	02:23	02:40	18 min	M1.2	1E-5	S10E04	4279
1983-08-08 02:10	02:45	02:53	43 min	M1.7	2E-5	—	4278
1983-08-08 01:00	01:09	01:52	52 min	M3	3E-5	S07E71	4278
1983-08-07 19:53	20:01	20:01	8 min	M1.8	2E-5	S09W58	4263
1983-08-07 05:35	05:46	06:02	27 min	M1.3	1E-5	—	4278
1983-08-05 10:44	10:53	12:25	101 min	M1	1E-5	S10W24	4263
1983-08-04 01:32	01:42	02:08	36 min	M3.5	4E-5	S07W24	4263
1983-08-03 12:40	13:15	13:53	73 min	M2.4	2E-5	—	4263
1983-08-02 21:58	22:03	22:13	15 min	M1.2	1E-5	—	4263
1983-08-02 21:47	21:47	22:03	16 min	M1.2	1E-5	S06W08	4263
1983-08-01 00:56	01:29	03:07	131 min	M8.5	8E-5	S08E34	4263
1983-07-30 12:38	13:16	13:48	70 min	M1	1E-5	N14W30	4269

Method and sources

The catalogue reproduces the NOAA (SWPC/NGDC) GOES event lists compiled yearly by the NASA GSFC Hesperia centre: start, peak and end (UT), class, heliographic position and active region when known. The class encodes the peak flux in the 0.1–0.8 nm band: C = 10⁻⁶ W/m², M = 10⁻⁵, X = 10⁻⁴, times the number (M2.3 = 2.3 × 10⁻⁵ W/m²).

Lines without an X-ray class (optical or sub-threshold events) are not imported. The last two years are re-read on each import; duplicates are rejected by start time and class. Yearly counts are computed from the imported catalogue.

Reading these data

Until December 2019 NOAA applied a 0.7 factor to the XRS-B flux of GOES 8 to 15; since GOES-16 became the primary satellite the raw flux is used. For the same physical flux, a class after 2020 is therefore about 1.4 times higher (Janssens et al., 2025). Counts before and after 2020 are not directly comparable.

SOURCES OF THIS PAGE

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC): NOAA SWPC/NGDC GOES X-ray flare event lists (1975–), yearly compilations by K. Tolbert, NASA GSFC Hesperia. Flare classes as reported by NOAA at the time: until December 2019 the XRS-B flux carried a 0.7 scaling factor (Janssens et al., 2025). · source page ↗
Licence : U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · retrieved on Oct 27, 2026 · SHA-256 5d2e8b2d3452…
Janssens (2025): Janssens, J., et al. (2025). Solar flare rates and probabilities based on the McIntosh classification: impacts of GOES/XRS rescaling and recalibration. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. · doi:10.1051/swsc/2025007
Licence : Published literature; cited

Solar flares GOES X-ray flare catalogue since 1975

A Sun that bursts