Sun · flares

A Sun that bursts

Flares are sudden releases of magnetic energy above active regions. The flashes in this view recall the classes of the strongest flares in the GOES catalogue (X, M); their positions are illustrative.

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04

X-class flares

558

1975 → 2026

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Illustrative rendering: procedural prominence loops and flashes; classes from the GOES catalogue below.

Catalogued flares

94,061

1975 → 2026-10-27

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

X-class flares

558

7954 M-class

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC · AR 14561

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04 18:29 UTC · S19W83

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

X- and M-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Number of flares per calendar year in the GOES catalogue (NOAA). The current year is provisional; 2020 is marked “instrument change”: since December 2019 the flux is no longer reduced by the 0.7 factor, which raises classes by about 40%.

C-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Detection of C-class flares depends on the background level, hence on the cycle phase and the instrument; these counts are less homogeneous than those of M and X classes.

Ten strongest flares (peak flux derived from the class)

#	Class	Start (UTC)	Peak	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1	X28	2003-11-04 18:29	18:50	3E-3	S19W83	10486
2	X20	1989-08-15 23:08	23:17	2E-3	S18W84	5629
3	X20	2001-04-02 19:32	19:51	2E-3	—	—
4	X17	2003-10-28 08:51	10:10	2E-3	—	10486
5	X17	2005-09-07 15:17	15:40	2E-3	S11E77	10808
6	X15	1989-03-06 12:54	13:10	2E-3	N35E69	5395
7	X14	2001-04-15 11:19	11:50	1E-3	S20W85	9415
8	X13	1984-04-24 21:56	22:01	1E-3	S12E43	4474
9	X13	1989-10-19 11:29	11:55	1E-3	S27E10	5747
10	X12	1982-06-06 14:30	14:54	1E-3	S09E25	3763

The peak flux (0.1–0.8 nm, W/m²) is derived from the published class, e.g. X28 = 28 × 10⁻⁴ W/m²; the GOES detectors saturated above X17 before 2003, so the 4 November 2003 flare is an estimate.

Filterable catalogue GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

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Start (UTC)	Peak	End	Duration	Class	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1982-11-16 19:41	20:13	21:15	94 min	M2.3	2E-5	S12W27	3987
1982-11-16 02:40	02:59	04:19	99 min	M2.1	2E-5	S13W12	3987
1982-11-15 15:01	15:18	16:28	87 min	M1.3	1E-5	S12W09	3987
1982-11-15 00:43	01:02	02:12	89 min	M8.5	8E-5	S12W01	3987
1982-11-13 23:07	23:32	00:05	58 min	M2.2	2E-5	S11E15	3987
1982-11-13 13:36	13:43	14:30	54 min	M1.5	2E-5	S17E21	3987
1982-11-13 04:54	05:05	05:46	52 min	M3.2	3E-5	S12E22	3987
1982-11-13 02:31	02:40	02:50	19 min	M1.4	1E-5	—	3987
1982-11-13 01:28	02:15	03:48	140 min	M1.8	2E-5	S15E25	3987
1982-11-12 22:52	23:08	00:09	77 min	M4.9	5E-5	S11E26	3987
1982-11-12 13:07	13:35	14:35	88 min	X1.1	1E-4	S11E33	3987
1982-11-12 08:00	08:17	08:44	44 min	M2.6	3E-5	—	3987
1982-11-12 04:28	04:43	06:24	116 min	M1.1	1E-5	S15E30	3987
1982-11-12 01:58	03:18	04:22	144 min	M2	2E-5	S12E38	3987
1982-11-10 16:51	17:04	18:06	75 min	M2.1	2E-5	S11E55	3987
1982-11-09 00:12	00:45	01:18	66 min	M1.4	1E-5	—	—
1982-11-08 23:30	00:11	00:12	42 min	M1	1E-5	—	—
1982-11-01 02:29	02:44	03:09	40 min	M1.2	1E-5	—	3955
1982-10-27 03:30	03:38	04:03	33 min	M2.1	2E-5	—	3955
1982-10-27 02:31	03:09	05:40	189 min	M3.7	4E-5	S11W22	3955
1982-10-25 21:48	22:04	00:05	137 min	M2.1	2E-5	N12E23	3960
1982-10-24 13:06	14:11	15:01	115 min	M2.2	2E-5	N12E41	3960
1982-10-23 11:53	11:59	13:11	78 min	M1.3	1E-5	S11E19	3955
1982-10-06 21:56	22:06	22:12	16 min	M2.2	2E-5	—	3922
1982-09-30 00:32	00:39	01:18	46 min	M3.8	4E-5	N16E06	3922
1982-09-26 22:15	22:26	23:21	66 min	M1	1E-5	N17E31	3917
1982-09-15 16:17	16:24	16:29	12 min	M2.1	2E-5	N17E60	3908
1982-09-05 23:46	23:54	00:14	28 min	M2.2	2E-5	N14E12	3886
1982-09-04 00:00	01:45	03:00	180 min	M4	4E-5	N11E30	3886
1982-09-03 22:01	22:48	01:36	215 min	M6.4	6E-5	N10E36	3886
1982-09-01 05:31	05:46	07:28	117 min	M3.3	3E-5	N11E78	3886
1982-08-31 15:22	15:34	16:14	52 min	M1.9	2E-5	—	3886
1982-08-31 03:07	04:10	04:42	95 min	M4	4E-5	—	3886
1982-08-27 07:03	07:13	07:25	22 min	M1.2	1E-5	N15W19	3870
1982-08-27 03:40	03:51	04:22	42 min	M1.5	2E-5	N15W16	3870
1982-08-27 00:57	01:26	02:28	91 min	M2	2E-5	N15W15	3870
1982-08-26 23:36	23:43	23:50	14 min	M1	1E-5	—	3870
1982-08-26 20:54	21:03	21:18	24 min	M1.8	2E-5	—	3870
1982-08-17 13:05	13:19	13:41	36 min	M1.2	1E-5	S12E81	3867
1982-08-14 03:06	03:07	03:18	12 min	M4.1	4E-5	N12W63	3837
1982-08-14 01:58	02:05	02:25	27 min	M2.1	2E-5	N09W55	3837
1982-08-14 00:37	00:47	01:15	38 min	M1.2	1E-5	N11W60	3837
1982-08-13 20:59	21:00	21:10	11 min	M1.1	1E-5	N13W59	3837
1982-08-10 08:30	08:33	08:43	13 min	M2.8	3E-5	N10W07	3837
1982-08-10 03:11	03:32	03:41	30 min	M2.4	2E-5	—	3837
1982-08-09 04:37	04:54	06:08	91 min	M2	2E-5	N15E23	3839
1982-08-08 14:03	14:51	16:05	122 min	M1.7	2E-5	N14E71	3845
1982-08-08 13:46	14:12	14:50	64 min	M1.5	2E-5	N14E37	3839
1982-08-08 07:28	07:29	07:36	8 min	M1	1E-5	N10E28	3837
1982-08-08 00:04	00:05	00:18	14 min	M7.2	7E-5	S09W65	3829

Method and sources

The catalogue reproduces the NOAA (SWPC/NGDC) GOES event lists compiled yearly by the NASA GSFC Hesperia centre: start, peak and end (UT), class, heliographic position and active region when known. The class encodes the peak flux in the 0.1–0.8 nm band: C = 10⁻⁶ W/m², M = 10⁻⁵, X = 10⁻⁴, times the number (M2.3 = 2.3 × 10⁻⁵ W/m²).

Lines without an X-ray class (optical or sub-threshold events) are not imported. The last two years are re-read on each import; duplicates are rejected by start time and class. Yearly counts are computed from the imported catalogue.

Reading these data

Until December 2019 NOAA applied a 0.7 factor to the XRS-B flux of GOES 8 to 15; since GOES-16 became the primary satellite the raw flux is used. For the same physical flux, a class after 2020 is therefore about 1.4 times higher (Janssens et al., 2025). Counts before and after 2020 are not directly comparable.

SOURCES OF THIS PAGE

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC): NOAA SWPC/NGDC GOES X-ray flare event lists (1975–), yearly compilations by K. Tolbert, NASA GSFC Hesperia. Flare classes as reported by NOAA at the time: until December 2019 the XRS-B flux carried a 0.7 scaling factor (Janssens et al., 2025). · source page ↗
Licence : U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · retrieved on Oct 27, 2026 · SHA-256 5d2e8b2d3452…
Janssens (2025): Janssens, J., et al. (2025). Solar flare rates and probabilities based on the McIntosh classification: impacts of GOES/XRS rescaling and recalibration. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. · doi:10.1051/swsc/2025007
Licence : Published literature; cited

Solar flares GOES X-ray flare catalogue since 1975

A Sun that bursts