Sun · flares

A Sun that bursts

Flares are sudden releases of magnetic energy above active regions. The flashes in this view recall the classes of the strongest flares in the GOES catalogue (X, M); their positions are illustrative.

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04

X-class flares

558

1975 → 2026

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Illustrative rendering: procedural prominence loops and flashes; classes from the GOES catalogue below.

Catalogued flares

94,061

1975 → 2026-10-27

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

X-class flares

558

7954 M-class

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC · AR 14561

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04 18:29 UTC · S19W83

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

X- and M-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Number of flares per calendar year in the GOES catalogue (NOAA). The current year is provisional; 2020 is marked “instrument change”: since December 2019 the flux is no longer reduced by the 0.7 factor, which raises classes by about 40%.

C-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Detection of C-class flares depends on the background level, hence on the cycle phase and the instrument; these counts are less homogeneous than those of M and X classes.

Ten strongest flares (peak flux derived from the class)

#	Class	Start (UTC)	Peak	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1	X28	2003-11-04 18:29	18:50	3E-3	S19W83	10486
2	X20	1989-08-15 23:08	23:17	2E-3	S18W84	5629
3	X20	2001-04-02 19:32	19:51	2E-3	—	—
4	X17	2003-10-28 08:51	10:10	2E-3	—	10486
5	X17	2005-09-07 15:17	15:40	2E-3	S11E77	10808
6	X15	1989-03-06 12:54	13:10	2E-3	N35E69	5395
7	X14	2001-04-15 11:19	11:50	1E-3	S20W85	9415
8	X13	1984-04-24 21:56	22:01	1E-3	S12E43	4474
9	X13	1989-10-19 11:29	11:55	1E-3	S27E10	5747
10	X12	1982-06-06 14:30	14:54	1E-3	S09E25	3763

The peak flux (0.1–0.8 nm, W/m²) is derived from the published class, e.g. X28 = 28 × 10⁻⁴ W/m²; the GOES detectors saturated above X17 before 2003, so the 4 November 2003 flare is an estimate.

Filterable catalogue GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Year

Minimum class

Sort

Export CSV

Start (UTC)	Peak	End	Duration	Class	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1982-01-31 21:10	21:18	22:08	58 min	M2.2	2E-5	N10E18	3579
1982-01-31 17:36	17:36	17:52	16 min	M1	1E-5	N10E07	3581
1982-01-31 12:23	12:24	12:54	31 min	M2.5	2E-5	S12E20	3576
1982-01-30 22:21	22:55	22:58	37 min	X1.1	1E-4	S15E12	3576
1982-01-30 16:07	17:00	17:45	98 min	M1.3	1E-5	N09E20	3581
1982-01-30 11:08	11:21	11:31	23 min	M4.2	4E-5	—	—
1982-01-29 23:42	23:48	23:51	9 min	M1.4	1E-5	N13E30	3581
1982-01-29 23:27	23:37	23:57	30 min	M1.4	1E-5	N06E48	3579
1982-01-29 16:42	16:44	16:51	9 min	M1	1E-5	S15W04	3577
1982-01-29 09:23	09:49	09:56	33 min	M1.2	1E-5	—	3581
1982-01-28 05:49	06:15	08:05	136 min	M8.8	9E-5	N09E45	3573
1982-01-28 05:40	05:44	07:16	96 min	M1.1	1E-5	S13E52	3576
1982-01-27 21:43	21:55	22:10	27 min	M1.2	1E-5	S12E52	3576
1982-01-27 20:09	20:16	20:37	28 min	M1.2	1E-5	S13E61	3576
1982-01-24 18:52	19:01	19:33	41 min	M6.6	7E-5	N11E88	3573
1982-01-24 00:50	01:03	01:20	30 min	M2.7	3E-5	—	—
1982-01-22 03:40	03:49	04:05	25 min	M2.7	3E-5	N04W78	3550
1982-01-13 00:28	00:35	01:33	65 min	M1.9	2E-5	S20W72	3545
1982-01-09 12:41	13:13	13:38	57 min	M1.1	1E-5	—	3539
1982-01-09 10:19	10:28	10:35	16 min	M3.6	4E-5	—	—
1982-01-09 06:29	06:35	06:53	24 min	M1.7	2E-5	N10W67	3537
1982-01-08 12:54	13:32	18:13	319 min	M3	3E-5	N10W60	3537
1982-01-02 23:10	23:23	23:35	25 min	M1.9	2E-5	—	3522
1982-01-02 05:17	05:20	05:45	28 min	M8.1	8E-5	N19W86	3522
1982-01-01 23:30	23:55	00:03	33 min	M1.1	1E-5	—	—
1981-12-28 19:28	19:57	22:01	153 min	M1.2	1E-5	N09E64	3533
1981-12-15 18:45	18:48	18:53	8 min	M3.5	4E-5	N18W90	3492
1981-12-13 20:29	20:29	20:42	13 min	M1.8	2E-5	N20W68	3492
1981-12-12 15:41	16:04	16:33	52 min	M2.7	3E-5	—	—
1981-12-12 02:21	02:30	03:17	56 min	M2.5	2E-5	N02W75	3487
1981-12-09 17:17	18:12	20:39	202 min	M5.2	5E-5	N12W16	3496
1981-12-09 05:38	05:46	06:11	33 min	M3	3E-5	S17E44	3504
1981-12-09 02:27	02:45	04:06	99 min	M4.5	4E-5	N20W06	3492
1981-12-08 21:31	21:42	21:50	19 min	M4	4E-5	—	—
1981-12-08 17:09	17:45	18:40	91 min	M1.4	1E-5	S13W70	3502
1981-12-08 16:55	17:03	17:15	20 min	M1	1E-5	—	3477
1981-12-08 14:17	14:25	14:35	18 min	M1	1E-5	—	—
1981-12-07 13:42	13:47	14:39	57 min	M1.9	2E-5	S06E90	3505
1981-12-07 12:32	12:39	13:11	39 min	M1.7	2E-5	S05E78	3505
1981-12-07 03:21	03:33	04:00	39 min	M1.4	1E-5	N04E20	3496
1981-12-03 16:26	16:43	17:02	36 min	M1	1E-5	N16W44	3484
1981-12-01 15:54	15:59	17:10	76 min	M2.1	2E-5	N16W19	3484
1981-12-01 07:25	07:42	08:12	47 min	M3.4	3E-5	N15W16	3484
1981-12-01 04:45	04:52	05:18	33 min	M1.7	2E-5	N15W13	3484
1981-12-01 00:01	00:05	00:38	37 min	M2.4	2E-5	N15W11	3484
1981-11-29 14:41	15:45	15:58	77 min	M2.1	2E-5	—	3485
1981-11-26 18:26	18:44	19:06	40 min	M1.1	1E-5	S06E50	3477
1981-11-26 15:15	15:21	16:14	59 min	M2	2E-5	N13E11	3478
1981-11-22 08:52	09:38	09:50	58 min	M1	1E-5	—	3461
1981-11-22 05:55	05:58	07:30	95 min	M1.2	1E-5	N12W22	3471

Method and sources

The catalogue reproduces the NOAA (SWPC/NGDC) GOES event lists compiled yearly by the NASA GSFC Hesperia centre: start, peak and end (UT), class, heliographic position and active region when known. The class encodes the peak flux in the 0.1–0.8 nm band: C = 10⁻⁶ W/m², M = 10⁻⁵, X = 10⁻⁴, times the number (M2.3 = 2.3 × 10⁻⁵ W/m²).

Lines without an X-ray class (optical or sub-threshold events) are not imported. The last two years are re-read on each import; duplicates are rejected by start time and class. Yearly counts are computed from the imported catalogue.

Reading these data

Until December 2019 NOAA applied a 0.7 factor to the XRS-B flux of GOES 8 to 15; since GOES-16 became the primary satellite the raw flux is used. For the same physical flux, a class after 2020 is therefore about 1.4 times higher (Janssens et al., 2025). Counts before and after 2020 are not directly comparable.

SOURCES OF THIS PAGE

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC): NOAA SWPC/NGDC GOES X-ray flare event lists (1975–), yearly compilations by K. Tolbert, NASA GSFC Hesperia. Flare classes as reported by NOAA at the time: until December 2019 the XRS-B flux carried a 0.7 scaling factor (Janssens et al., 2025). · source page ↗
Licence : U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · retrieved on Oct 27, 2026 · SHA-256 5d2e8b2d3452…
Janssens (2025): Janssens, J., et al. (2025). Solar flare rates and probabilities based on the McIntosh classification: impacts of GOES/XRS rescaling and recalibration. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. · doi:10.1051/swsc/2025007
Licence : Published literature; cited

Solar flares GOES X-ray flare catalogue since 1975

A Sun that bursts