Sun · flares

A Sun that bursts

Flares are sudden releases of magnetic energy above active regions. The flashes in this view recall the classes of the strongest flares in the GOES catalogue (X, M); their positions are illustrative.

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04

X-class flares

558

1975 → 2026

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Illustrative rendering: procedural prominence loops and flashes; classes from the GOES catalogue below.

Catalogued flares

94,061

1975 → 2026-10-27

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

X-class flares

558

7954 M-class

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC · AR 14561

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04 18:29 UTC · S19W83

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

X- and M-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Number of flares per calendar year in the GOES catalogue (NOAA). The current year is provisional; 2020 is marked “instrument change”: since December 2019 the flux is no longer reduced by the 0.7 factor, which raises classes by about 40%.

C-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Detection of C-class flares depends on the background level, hence on the cycle phase and the instrument; these counts are less homogeneous than those of M and X classes.

Ten strongest flares (peak flux derived from the class)

#	Class	Start (UTC)	Peak	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1	X28	2003-11-04 18:29	18:50	3E-3	S19W83	10486
2	X20	1989-08-15 23:08	23:17	2E-3	S18W84	5629
3	X20	2001-04-02 19:32	19:51	2E-3	—	—
4	X17	2003-10-28 08:51	10:10	2E-3	—	10486
5	X17	2005-09-07 15:17	15:40	2E-3	S11E77	10808
6	X15	1989-03-06 12:54	13:10	2E-3	N35E69	5395
7	X14	2001-04-15 11:19	11:50	1E-3	S20W85	9415
8	X13	1984-04-24 21:56	22:01	1E-3	S12E43	4474
9	X13	1989-10-19 11:29	11:55	1E-3	S27E10	5747
10	X12	1982-06-06 14:30	14:54	1E-3	S09E25	3763

The peak flux (0.1–0.8 nm, W/m²) is derived from the published class, e.g. X28 = 28 × 10⁻⁴ W/m²; the GOES detectors saturated above X17 before 2003, so the 4 November 2003 flare is an estimate.

Filterable catalogue GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

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Start (UTC)	Peak	End	Duration	Class	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1981-10-14 03:19	03:24	03:44	25 min	M1.8	2E-5	—	3390
1981-10-13 22:04	22:11	22:28	24 min	M1.1	1E-5	S21E01	3397
1981-10-13 21:40	21:44	21:53	13 min	M1.8	2E-5	S12E77	3403
1981-10-13 17:11	17:11	18:14	63 min	M3.7	4E-5	S13E11	3390
1981-10-13 06:18	06:20	06:41	23 min	M1.1	1E-5	S15E81	—
1981-10-13 06:08	06:13	06:25	17 min	M3.2	3E-5	S13E15	3390
1981-10-13 03:18	03:25	03:31	13 min	M1	1E-5	—	—
1981-10-13 02:05	02:31	02:31	26 min	M2.1	2E-5	S14E85	—
1981-10-12 19:40	20:15	20:35	55 min	M1	1E-5	S15E80	3403
1981-10-12 13:42	13:42	13:52	10 min	M3.1	3E-5	S11E78	3403
1981-10-12 10:47	12:21	18:43	476 min	M1.1	1E-5	S16E24	3390
1981-10-12 09:37	10:01	10:28	51 min	M9.2	9E-5	S16E32	3390
1981-10-12 05:22	05:36	06:17	55 min	X3.1	3E-4	—	3390
1981-10-12 04:10	04:17	04:27	17 min	M1	1E-5	—	—
1981-10-12 03:29	03:37	03:57	28 min	M7.5	8E-5	—	—
1981-10-11 02:33	02:36	03:06	33 min	M2	2E-5	S10W58	3388
1981-10-10 19:23	20:03	20:05	42 min	M1.9	2E-5	S10W35	3388
1981-10-10 13:20	13:26	13:40	20 min	M1.9	2E-5	—	3390
1981-10-10 10:32	13:27	15:12	280 min	M1.9	2E-5	S20E44	3390
1981-10-08 01:27	01:29	01:35	8 min	M1.2	1E-5	S18E85	3390
1981-10-08 00:39	00:43	00:56	17 min	M1.3	1E-5	S20E85	3390
1981-10-07 21:57	22:15	22:38	41 min	X3.6	4E-4	S19E88	3390
1981-10-07 16:36	17:17	19:25	169 min	M1.5	2E-5	S10E06	3388
1981-10-07 12:27	12:38	12:49	22 min	M1.4	1E-5	—	3388
1981-10-02 19:52	19:59	20:12	20 min	M2	2E-5	—	—
1981-10-02 15:29	15:36	15:51	22 min	M2.9	3E-5	—	3375
1981-10-01 16:00	22:08	22:15	375 min	M2.1	2E-5	N09E70	3377
1981-09-29 13:15	13:31	14:07	52 min	M1.2	1E-5	—	—
1981-09-26 09:30	11:18	11:37	127 min	M1.5	2E-5	—	3369
1981-09-22 06:39	06:40	07:37	58 min	M1.4	1E-5	S10E65	3359
1981-09-19 03:47	03:52	04:18	31 min	M2.6	3E-5	N08E47	3334
1981-09-16 11:31	11:44	11:52	21 min	M1.1	1E-5	—	3329
1981-09-15 19:13	19:14	19:28	15 min	X2.3	2E-4	N10W78	3317
1981-09-15 13:13	17:18	18:29	316 min	M1.1	1E-5	—	—
1981-09-15 11:41	11:50	11:55	14 min	M1.1	1E-5	—	3332
1981-09-14 23:11	23:14	23:39	28 min	M2.5	2E-5	—	—
1981-09-14 22:43	23:03	23:09	26 min	M1.6	2E-5	—	3317
1981-09-12 22:03	22:14	22:40	37 min	M1	1E-5	N06W42	3317
1981-09-11 21:08	21:13	21:44	36 min	M2.7	3E-5	—	—
1981-09-11 01:12	01:23	01:42	30 min	M3.1	3E-5	N06W15	3317
1981-09-10 15:27	15:30	15:47	20 min	M1.3	1E-5	N07W09	3317
1981-09-10 07:38	07:43	07:44	6 min	M8.4	8E-5	N07E04	3317
1981-09-10 06:10	06:22	06:32	22 min	M1.2	1E-5	N08W02	3317
1981-09-09 19:56	20:18	20:35	39 min	M2.8	3E-5	N08E10	3317
1981-09-09 11:27	11:31	11:44	17 min	M1.8	2E-5	—	3317
1981-09-09 08:46	09:51	09:58	72 min	M2.6	3E-5	—	—
1981-09-08 15:04	15:06	15:38	34 min	M2.2	2E-5	N08E23	3317
1981-09-08 02:54	02:55	03:10	16 min	M1.2	1E-5	N10E32	3317
1981-09-07 20:23	20:26	20:34	11 min	M4.2	4E-5	N10E27	3317
1981-09-07 18:55	18:57	19:04	9 min	M1.9	2E-5	N09E35	3317

Method and sources

The catalogue reproduces the NOAA (SWPC/NGDC) GOES event lists compiled yearly by the NASA GSFC Hesperia centre: start, peak and end (UT), class, heliographic position and active region when known. The class encodes the peak flux in the 0.1–0.8 nm band: C = 10⁻⁶ W/m², M = 10⁻⁵, X = 10⁻⁴, times the number (M2.3 = 2.3 × 10⁻⁵ W/m²).

Lines without an X-ray class (optical or sub-threshold events) are not imported. The last two years are re-read on each import; duplicates are rejected by start time and class. Yearly counts are computed from the imported catalogue.

Reading these data

Until December 2019 NOAA applied a 0.7 factor to the XRS-B flux of GOES 8 to 15; since GOES-16 became the primary satellite the raw flux is used. For the same physical flux, a class after 2020 is therefore about 1.4 times higher (Janssens et al., 2025). Counts before and after 2020 are not directly comparable.

SOURCES OF THIS PAGE

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC): NOAA SWPC/NGDC GOES X-ray flare event lists (1975–), yearly compilations by K. Tolbert, NASA GSFC Hesperia. Flare classes as reported by NOAA at the time: until December 2019 the XRS-B flux carried a 0.7 scaling factor (Janssens et al., 2025). · source page ↗
Licence : U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · retrieved on Oct 27, 2026 · SHA-256 5d2e8b2d3452…
Janssens (2025): Janssens, J., et al. (2025). Solar flare rates and probabilities based on the McIntosh classification: impacts of GOES/XRS rescaling and recalibration. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. · doi:10.1051/swsc/2025007
Licence : Published literature; cited

Solar flares GOES X-ray flare catalogue since 1975

A Sun that bursts