Sun · flares

A Sun that bursts

Flares are sudden releases of magnetic energy above active regions. The flashes in this view recall the classes of the strongest flares in the GOES catalogue (X, M); their positions are illustrative.

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04

X-class flares

558

1975 → 2026

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Illustrative rendering: procedural prominence loops and flashes; classes from the GOES catalogue below.

Catalogued flares

94,061

1975 → 2026-10-27

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

X-class flares

558

7954 M-class

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Latest catalogued flare

B4.2

2026-10-27 02:20 UTC · AR 14561

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Strongest in the catalogue

X28

2003-11-04 18:29 UTC · S19W83

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

X- and M-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Number of flares per calendar year in the GOES catalogue (NOAA). The current year is provisional; 2020 is marked “instrument change”: since December 2019 the flux is no longer reduced by the 0.7 factor, which raises classes by about 40%.

C-class flares per year GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26 Current · provisional

Show the data as a table

Detection of C-class flares depends on the background level, hence on the cycle phase and the instrument; these counts are less homogeneous than those of M and X classes.

Ten strongest flares (peak flux derived from the class)

#	Class	Start (UTC)	Peak	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1	X28	2003-11-04 18:29	18:50	3E-3	S19W83	10486
2	X20	1989-08-15 23:08	23:17	2E-3	S18W84	5629
3	X20	2001-04-02 19:32	19:51	2E-3	—	—
4	X17	2003-10-28 08:51	10:10	2E-3	—	10486
5	X17	2005-09-07 15:17	15:40	2E-3	S11E77	10808
6	X15	1989-03-06 12:54	13:10	2E-3	N35E69	5395
7	X14	2001-04-15 11:19	11:50	1E-3	S20W85	9415
8	X13	1984-04-24 21:56	22:01	1E-3	S12E43	4474
9	X13	1989-10-19 11:29	11:55	1E-3	S27E10	5747
10	X12	1982-06-06 14:30	14:54	1E-3	S09E25	3763

The peak flux (0.1–0.8 nm, W/m²) is derived from the published class, e.g. X28 = 28 × 10⁻⁴ W/m²; the GOES detectors saturated above X17 before 2003, so the 4 November 2003 flare is an estimate.

Filterable catalogue GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC) · U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · 10/27/26

Year

Minimum class

Sort

Export CSV

Start (UTC)	Peak	End	Duration	Class	Peak flux (W/m²)	Position	Active region
1981-07-02 23:31	23:31	00:40	69 min	M2.2	2E-5	S14W21	3180
1981-07-02 10:39	11:08	12:48	129 min	M1.7	2E-5	S16W14	3180
1981-06-29 02:11	02:21	03:46	95 min	M1.9	2E-5	N12W48	3170
1981-06-28 22:34	22:41	23:58	84 min	M5.7	6E-5	S15E31	3180
1981-06-28 01:55	02:00	02:03	8 min	M1	1E-5	—	3180
1981-06-27 10:53	10:56	10:59	6 min	M2.1	2E-5	—	3180
1981-06-27 06:55	07:09	07:53	58 min	M3.6	4E-5	—	3178
1981-06-27 06:25	06:27	06:35	10 min	M1	1E-5	N17E32	3178
1981-06-26 22:13	22:15	22:25	12 min	M1.1	1E-5	N13W18	3170
1981-06-26 21:23	21:40	21:47	24 min	M1.1	1E-5	—	3170
1981-06-26 15:43	16:06	16:20	37 min	M2.1	2E-5	N18E41	3178
1981-06-26 04:39	04:46	05:59	80 min	M1.9	2E-5	N12W08	3170
1981-06-25 19:50	20:05	21:35	105 min	M4.8	5E-5	N13W04	3170
1981-06-25 14:25	15:48	16:52	147 min	M1.8	2E-5	N19E55	3178
1981-06-24 23:00	23:01	23:17	17 min	M2	2E-5	N15E10	3170
1981-06-24 09:20	09:20	09:58	38 min	M1.2	1E-5	N21E83	3178
1981-06-24 04:20	04:31	04:40	20 min	M1.9	2E-5	N14E16	3170
1981-06-23 18:46	18:56	19:13	27 min	M1.2	1E-5	N20E77	3178
1981-06-23 14:55	15:20	16:55	120 min	M1.4	1E-5	N13E26	3170
1981-06-23 08:51	09:08	09:33	42 min	M1.9	2E-5	—	3170
1981-06-22 12:41	12:57	15:09	148 min	M2.1	2E-5	N15E42	3170
1981-06-18 07:23	07:29	11:13	230 min	M1.1	1E-5	S33W29	3158
1981-06-17 07:43	07:50	07:55	12 min	M1.2	1E-5	—	3158
1981-06-16 22:03	22:04	22:48	45 min	M2	2E-5	S27W44	3157
1981-06-10 04:22	04:24	05:08	46 min	M2.2	2E-5	N13E24	3152
1981-05-25 05:25	05:27	05:50	25 min	M1	1E-5	N01E35	3121
1981-05-24 02:22	02:42	03:02	40 min	M1.2	1E-5	—	—
1981-05-22 04:19	04:27	04:39	20 min	M1.2	1E-5	—	—
1981-05-16 06:06	06:46	07:16	70 min	X1.1	1E-4	N14E14	3106
1981-05-14 06:36	06:56	07:34	58 min	M2.8	3E-5	—	3106
1981-05-14 01:15	01:15	01:25	10 min	M1.4	1E-5	N11W33	3099
1981-05-13 15:52	16:07	17:20	88 min	M1.1	1E-5	N13E60	3112
1981-05-13 01:40	02:28	04:10	150 min	X1.5	2E-4	N11E58	3106
1981-05-11 13:55	14:08	14:14	19 min	M2	2E-5	—	3099
1981-05-11 03:46	03:48	03:53	7 min	M2.9	3E-5	N10E04	3099
1981-05-10 10:08	10:56	12:00	112 min	M3.5	4E-5	—	3106
1981-05-10 05:12	05:31	05:51	39 min	M1.3	1E-5	—	3079
1981-05-10 02:59	03:07	03:48	49 min	M1.2	1E-5	N09E20	3099
1981-05-09 20:56	20:58	21:56	60 min	M1.1	1E-5	N09E22	3099
1981-05-09 20:03	20:11	20:25	22 min	M1.9	2E-5	—	3099
1981-05-09 00:39	00:48	00:50	11 min	M2.6	3E-5	N05W54	3079
1981-05-08 20:50	20:51	21:20	30 min	M1.7	2E-5	N09E37	3099
1981-05-05 20:54	20:59	22:00	66 min	M4.4	4E-5	N18W04	3080
1981-05-05 12:06	12:10	12:44	38 min	X1	1E-4	—	3080
1981-05-04 06:36	06:39	07:43	67 min	M9.5	1E-4	N14E16	3080
1981-04-28 19:04	19:14	20:43	99 min	X1.2	1E-4	—	3049
1981-04-27 20:56	22:00	21:20	1464 min	M3.4	3E-5	N15W90	3049
1981-04-27 05:20	06:20	07:45	145 min	X5.5	6E-4	—	3049
1981-04-26 15:49	15:57	16:28	39 min	M2.2	2E-5	N04E47	3067
1981-04-26 08:57	09:51	12:48	231 min	M5.1	5E-5	N12W74	3049

Method and sources

The catalogue reproduces the NOAA (SWPC/NGDC) GOES event lists compiled yearly by the NASA GSFC Hesperia centre: start, peak and end (UT), class, heliographic position and active region when known. The class encodes the peak flux in the 0.1–0.8 nm band: C = 10⁻⁶ W/m², M = 10⁻⁵, X = 10⁻⁴, times the number (M2.3 = 2.3 × 10⁻⁵ W/m²).

Lines without an X-ray class (optical or sub-threshold events) are not imported. The last two years are re-read on each import; duplicates are rejected by start time and class. Yearly counts are computed from the imported catalogue.

Reading these data

Until December 2019 NOAA applied a 0.7 factor to the XRS-B flux of GOES 8 to 15; since GOES-16 became the primary satellite the raw flux is used. For the same physical flux, a class after 2020 is therefore about 1.4 times higher (Janssens et al., 2025). Counts before and after 2020 are not directly comparable.

SOURCES OF THIS PAGE

GOES X-ray flare lists (NOAA SWPC/NGDC events, yearly compilations by NASA GSFC): NOAA SWPC/NGDC GOES X-ray flare event lists (1975–), yearly compilations by K. Tolbert, NASA GSFC Hesperia. Flare classes as reported by NOAA at the time: until December 2019 the XRS-B flux carried a 0.7 scaling factor (Janssens et al., 2025). · source page ↗
Licence : U.S. Government work, public domain (NOAA/NASA) · retrieved on Oct 27, 2026 · SHA-256 5d2e8b2d3452…
Janssens (2025): Janssens, J., et al. (2025). Solar flare rates and probabilities based on the McIntosh classification: impacts of GOES/XRS rescaling and recalibration. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. · doi:10.1051/swsc/2025007
Licence : Published literature; cited

Solar flares GOES X-ray flare catalogue since 1975

A Sun that bursts